第二部分常考句型
Unit 1
一、 There is/are+某物/人+某地/时
该句型为英语中常用句型,意思是“有”,表示“人或事物的存在”或“某地有某物”。
此外该句型还有以下变体。
（1）There is no denying that./ There is no doubt that…,表示“毫无疑问……”。
例如:
There is no doubt that the boy is just the one we are looking for
毫无疑问,这个男孩正是我们要找的那个人。
（2）There is/ was no+名词+ to do sth./ in doing sth.该变体可以拓展为: There is no point in doing sth.,表示“做某事没有用”; There is no need to do sth.表示“做某事没有必要”。
例如：
There is no need to go so early.
何必去那么早
二、感叹句
感叹句是表示喜怒哀乐等强烈情感的句子,有多种表现形式,有时一个单词、短语或一个词组也可以成为感叹句。但其主要的表现形式只有两种,即what和how引导的感叹句。what修饰名词(名词前可加冠词和形容词),how修饰形容词、副词或动词。其构成如下
(1)What+a/an+形容词+名词单数+主+谓。
例如：
What an interesting film it is!
这是一部多么有趣的电影啊
(2)What+形容词+名词复数/不可数名词+主+谓。
例如：
What lovely students they are!
他们是多么可爱的学生啊
(3)How+形容词/副词+主+谓。
例如:
How quickly the boy writes!
这个男孩写得多快啊!
(4)How+主+谓。
例如:How time flies!时光飞逝!
三、比较级中的特殊句型
(1)比较级+and+比较级或 more and more/ Less and I+原级
该句型表示“越来越……”,常与之搭配的动词有grow,get,become,turn等。
例如:As the winter is drawing near, it's getting colder and colder.
随着冬天的临近,天气越来越冷了。
(2)the+比较级···；he+比较级···
该句型表示“越……,越……”。
例如：
The more magazines you sell, the more money you will get.
卖的杂志越多,你得到的钱就越多。
(3)the+比较级+ of the two+名词
该句型表示“两者中较…的”。
例如:
Jane is the taller of the two children in our family.
简是我们家两个孩子中个子较高的一个。
(4)否定+比较级
该句型表示最高级含义。
例如：
No news could be more delightful to me.
这消息最令我高兴。
(5)a+比较级+名词(+than···)
该结构常出现在以 never构成的完成时态的动词后面
例如:
How beautifully she sings! I he never heard a better voice.
她唱得多好听啊!我从来没有听到过更棒的声音
四、as+形容词原级/副词原级+
该句型表示“和···一样的…”,它还有以下变体,通常用来表达倍数,表示“…是……的多少倍”。
（1）倍数+as+形容词原级+as。
例如：
Our factory is twice as big as theirs.
我们的工厂是他们的两倍。
（2）倍数+形容词比较级
例如：
The dining hall is three times larger than that one.
这个餐厅比那个餐厅大三倍。
（3） 倍数+the+性质名词+of.。
例如：
The bridge is two times the length of that one.
这座桥是那的两倍长。
五、倒装句
倒装是一种语法手段,用以强调某一句子成分。在英语中倒装句有两种形式,即全部倒装与部分倒装。前者指句中整个谓语置于主语前,后者则是只将助动词(包括情态动词)移置主语前。
1.全部倒装
(1) There be句型。该句型中可以替代be的动词有exist，seem, appear ,live, stand ,rise等。
例如：
There seems to be some misunderstanding about the matter.
这个问题上似乎有些误会。
(2) 以here, there ,now ,then等副词开头的句子。该类倒装句的谓语动词通常为be come ,go等表示移动或动态的不及物动词。但主语为代词时,不可倒装。
例如：
There goes the last train.
最后一班火车开走了。
(3) 表示地点的介词短语或地点副词away ,down，in，off，out ,over, round ,up等位于句首时,需全部倒装。
例如：
Com the window came sound of music.
从窗户里传来了音乐。
(4) 强调表语或状语时,为了保持句子平衡,或为了使上下文紧密衔接,需全部倒装。
例如：
Among these people was his friend Jim.
他的朋友吉姆就在这些人当中。
2.部分倒装
（1）当never，seldom，rarely, little, hardly，scarcely, nowhere等含有否定意义的副词或副词短语位于句首时需部分倒装。
例如：
Little does she realize how important this meeting is.
她一点也没意识到这次会议是多么重要
(2) 当“only+副词“only+介词短语”或“only+状语从句位于句首时,需部分倒装。
例如：
only when he arrived home did he realize what had happened.
他回到家里时才知道发生了什么。
(3) “so+形容词/副词”位于句首时,需部分倒装。
例如：
So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home.
天气太冷我们只好待在家里
(4) “ not only+分句, but also+分句”位于句首时,句型中的前一个分句要部分倒装。
例如：
Not only did he complain about the food, but he refused to pay for it.
他不仅抱怨食物,而且拒绝买单。
(5) 用于“形容词/名词/动词/副词+ as/though”引导的让步状语从句中。
例如:
Child as he is, he has to make a living by himself.
他虽然是孩子,却不得不独自谋生。
（6) 省略了的虚拟条件句中,were ,had或sod可提前首引起部分倒装。
例如：
Should it rain tomorrow, we would put off our meeting.
如果明天下雨,我们就推迟会议。
（7）用于 no sooner…than…, hardly. when…及 not until句型中。
例如：
No sooner had I reached home than it began to rain.
我刚到家就开始下雨了。
（8）用于表示祝愿。
例如：
Long live peace!
和平万岁!
（9）用于以so,nor, neither开头的句子,表示重复前句部分内容。
例如：
If you don't go, neither shall I.
你不去,我也不去。
六、 Not until+时间状语/从句+did+主语+其他
本句型主要是为了加强语气而将主句中的not移至until之前,主句采用倒装语序。“ It is not until+时间状语/从句+that+从句”,同样也表示强调,通常译为“直到……才……”。
例如：
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother lee the room.
直到孩子入睡后,母亲才离开房间
It was not until the next day that I learned the truth.
直到第二天我才明白真相。
七、It is/was+被强调部分+ that/who+剩余部分
该句型为强调句,是人们为了表达自己的意愿或情感而使用的一种形式。一般说来,被强调部分指人时,用who;指物时用that,但that也可以指人。
例如：It was in this room that they had a meeting yesterday.
他们昨天正是在这个房间开会的。
It was Tom that/who ge me a hand when I was in trouble that day.
那天我遇到麻烦的时候,是汤姆帮了我。
八、It's said/ known/ believed/ expected that...
该句型表示“据说/众所周知/据信/预计······”该句型中it为形式主语,真正的主语为that引导的宾语从句。
例如：
It's said that a person's fate is relevant to his character.
据说一个人的命运和他的性格有关。
It's expected that the war would end soon.
预计战争不久即可结束。
9. It' s time( about time/ high time)that...
该句型通常意为“是（正是）···的时候”,that后的从句部分要用虚拟语气,即“ should+动词原形”,且 should不可省;或者用动词的过去式(be用were)。
例如：
It’s time that children should go to bed.
孩子们该上床睡觉了。
I’s time we should set out.
我们该出发了。
十、It is/ was the first time that...
该句型常意为“这是第一次……”,that后的从句部分要用完成时。如果主句为一般现在时,后边从句用现在完成时;如主句为一般过去时,从句则用过去完成时。该句型中的that可以省略,it有时可用this替换。
例如:
It is the first time that I he been here. =This the first time that I he been here.
这是我第一次来这。
十一、It is+形容词+o/ for sh, to do sth.
该句型中it为形式主语,不定式部分为真正的主语。of表示品质,for表示对某人而言。常与of搭配的形容词有bre careless, clever, cruel, foolish, honest, naughty ,nice;常与or搭配的形容词有 important, necessary, natural, impossible, difficult, dangerous, pleasant .
例如：
It’s kind of you to give me a hand.
你能帮助我真是太好了。
It's important for you to participate in this competition.
参加这次比赛对你来说很重要。
十二、主语+find/ think/ believe+it+形容词+不定式短语
该句型中it不是形式主语,而是形式宾语,不定式部分为真正的宾语。
例如:
I find it hard to improve my oral English.
我发现提高英语口语很难。
We think it important to be an honest person.
我们认为做一个诚实的人很重要。
十三、It's a pity/shame that...
该句型中,that后的从句一般用虚拟语气,即 should+动词原形,其中 should可以省略,表示出乎预料,意为“竟然”。若无此意时,则不需用虚拟语气。
例如:
It's a pity that such a thing( should) happen in your class.
种事竟然发生在你们班上,真是遗憾。
It’s a shame that I can not attend your birthday party.
我不能参加你的生日聚会真是太遗憾了。
十四、 It doesn’t matter whether/if.
该句型常意为“……无关紧要”,其中 whether/f引导的从句为真正的主语。
例如:
It doesn’t matter whether you come or not.
你来不来都没关系
It doesn’t matter if they lee now.
他们现在走也没关系。
十五、独立主格结构
独立主格结构由两部分组成,前一部分是名词或者代词,后部分是非谓语动词(不定式、现在分词、过去分词)或形容词副词、名词或介词短语,前后两部分在逻辑上具有主谓或动宾关系。此外,独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它本身不是句子,在句子中作状语,表时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的及状态等。
例如:
The meeting being over, all of us went home.
开完会后我们都如果条件有利回家了。（表时间）
The condition being fored , he may succeed .
如果条件有利，他或许能成功。（表条件）
There being no taxi, we had to walk.
没有出租车,我们只好步行。（表原因）
He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head .
他躺在草地上,将两手交叉枕在脑后。（表伴随）
十六、谓语动词+虚拟语气形式表达
表示要求、建议、命令、假设等动词后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气,即宾语从句中的谓语动词用“should+动词原形”,其中should可省略。表示要求、建议等的动词有 advice, ask, beg,
demand, deserve, desire, determine, insist, move, order, propose, recommend, request, require, suggest, suppose, urge。
例如：
She suggests that I (should) pay a visit to the castle in Provence .
她建议我去参观一下普罗旺斯的城堡。
He demanded that we( should) attack at once.
他要求我们立即进攻。
十七、 be doing. when
该句型表示“正在做…突然……”。类似表达还有“be on the point of doing.. when.“be about to do... when .../be on the half way to do...when...”等。
例如:
I was playing computer games when my father came back.
在打游戏的时候我爸爸回来了。
I am about to lee when she arrived.
我正要离开的时候她到了。
十八、名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词性从句又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
1.主语从句
在复合句中充当主语成分的句子叫作主语从句。引导主语从句的连词主要有从属连词(that, whether)、连接代词(who, whoever, whom, whose, what, whatever, which, whichever),连接副词(when, where, how, why)
主语从句的时态不受主句时态的影响和克制。
例如：
What caused the accident remains unknown .
造成事故的原因尚不清楚。
That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all
他在这么短的时间里写完作文使我们大家都很吃惊。
2.宾语从句
在复合句中充当宾语成分的句子叫作宾语从句,其引导词常为that, if, whether, when等。
(1)当主句是一般现在时,从句根据情况使用任何时态。
例如:
She wants to know if I he finished my homework,
她想知道我是否完成了家庭作业。
Do you know when he will be back?
你知道他什么时候回来吗？
(2)当主句是一般过去时,从句应使用过去的某种时态。
例如:
He said that she was singing.
他说她在唱歌。
注意:格言和客观真理需要用一般现在时。
3.表语从句
在复合句中充当表语成分的句子叫作表语从句。连接表语从句的连接词有that, what, who, when, where, which,why ever, whichever, whatever等。
例如:
His suggestion is that we should stay calm.
他的建议是,我们应该保持冷静。
The question is when he can arrive at the hotel .
问题是,他什么时候可以到达酒店
4.同位语从句
同位语从句用来对其前面的抽象名词进行解释说明,后面可以跟同位语从句的名词通常news,idea,fact,promise,question,doubt,thought,hope,message,suggestion,words,possibility,decision等。其引导词包括that, whether, what, who, when, how, where等。
例如:
The idea that you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong .
不经思考就能做好这项工作的想法是完全错误。
He must answer the question whether he agrees with it or not .
他必须回答他是否同意这个问题。
注意:定语从句的先行词是名词或代词,同位语从句的先行词只能是一些抽象名词,且某些名词(如 demand, wish, suggestion, resolution等)后面的同位语从句要用虚拟语气。
例如:
There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team.
有人建议把布朗从队里开除。
十九、定语从句
在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫作定语从句。在英语中,该从句可分为限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句定语从句中被修饰的名词或代词被称为先行词,引导定语从句的关联词被称为关系代词(that, who, whom, whose)和关系副词(when, where, why)。关系代词代替先行词在从句中作主语、宾语或定语。关系副词只能在从句中作状语。其具体用法如下表：
表1 限制性定语从句中的关系代词
作主语 | 作宾语 | 作定语 | |
指人 | that/who | that/whom | whose |
指物 | that/which | that/which(可省略) | whose |
指人指物 | that | that（可省略） | whose |
表2 非限制性定语从句中的关系代词
做主语 | 做宾语 | 做定语 | |
指人 | who | whom | whose/of whom |
指物 | which | which | whose/of which |
注意:that不用于非限制性定语从句中。
定语从句的构成可以表示为“先行词(名词/代词)+关系代词/关系副词+定语从句剩余部分”。
例如:
He is the man who (that) lives next door .
他就是住在隔壁的那个人。
How do you like the photo that( which) I took?
你觉得我拍的照片怎么样?
Do you still remember the place where we went fishing?
记得我们去钓鱼的那个地方吗?
限制性定语从句中关系代词用法不同,在不同语境下要掌握关系代词的用法。
1.that与 which的用法区别
（1）引导非限制性定语从句时,通常要用 which。
例如:
She received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise .
她收到老板的邀请,这让她大吃一惊。
（2）直接放在介词后作宾语时,通常要用 which。
例如：
The tool with which he is working is called a hammer.
他用的工具叫作锤子。
（3）当先行词是much, little, none, all, few, every (thing),any(thing),no(thing)等不定代词或被它们修饰时，通常用that。
例如：
There was little that the enemy could do but surrender.
敌人几乎无能为力,只能投降。
All/ Everything that can be done must be done.
凡是能做的事都必须做。
（4）当先行词由the very, the only, the same等修饰时,通常用that。
例如：
This is the only example that I know.
这是我唯一知道的例子。
（5）当先行词由形容词最高级或序数词(包括last, next)等修饰时,通常用that。
例如：
This is the best dictionary that I’ve ever used.
这是我所用过的最好的词典。
（6）当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时,通常用that。
例如：
China is not the country(that) It was.
中国已不是过去的中国了。
（7）当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时,通常用that。
例如：
They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them.
他们谈论了使他们印象最深的人和事。
（8）当特殊疑问句由who或 which引导时,为避免重复,常用that引导定语从句。
例如：
Which is the course that we are to take?
我们要上哪门课？
2.that与who的用法区别
（1）两者均可指人。
例如:
All that(who) heard him were delighted.
所有听了他讲话的人都很高兴。
（2）当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时,通常要用that引导。
例如:
I made a speech on the men and things that I had seen abroad.
我就我在国外所见到的人和事做了报告。
(3)当先行词是who时,为避免重复,通常要用that引导。
例如：
Who was it that won the World Cup in1982?
谁赢得了192年的世界杯?
(4)当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时,通常要用that引导。
例如：
Tom is not the boy that he was.
汤姆这孩子已不是以前那个样子了。
3.关系副词的使用
当定语从句句子成分完整时或从句谓语动词为不及物动词时用关系副词作从句的状语。
（1）when作时间状语,先行词常为表示时间的词,如time, day, week, night, morning, moment, year, period等。
例如：
I’ll never forget the time when we worked together。
我永远不会忘记我们一起工作的时光。
I will remember the day when we Joined the army.
我会记得我们参军的那一天。
（2）where作地点状语,先行词常为表示地点的词,如place, street, house, room, city, country, station, village等。
例如：
he hotel where we sted is the best one in this city.
我们住的旅馆是这个城市最好的。
We visited the place where Shakespeare was born.
我们参观了莎士比亚出生的地方。
（3）why作原因状语,先行词只能是 reason或 cause。
例如：
He refused to tell us the reason why he did so.
他拒绝告诉我们他为什么这样做。
The reason why I called you is to invite you to my party.
我打话给你的原因是邀请你参加我的聚会。
注意:关系副词=介词+关系代词,介词应能与先行词搭配。
例如:during/on/in/at which where= in/at/on/to which why=for which
二十、状语从句
状语从句指句子用作状语时,起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语动词、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较状语从句。状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导,也可以由词组引导。状语从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。
1.时间状语从句
时间状语从句的常用引导词有when, as, while, as soon as，before, after, since,not...until;特殊引导词有 the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day, the instant, immediately ,directly ,no sooner...than ,hardly...when, scarcely...when。当用no sooner...than, hardly...when, scarcely...when作为引导词时从句要部分倒装。
例如:
I didn't realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.
直到我长大,我才意识到母亲的特殊性。
Hardly had he seen me when he ran away.
他一看见我就跑了。
2.地点状语从句
地点状语从句的常用引导词有 where;特殊引导词有wherever, anywhere, everywhere。
例如:
Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.
有雨水的地方,耕作是困难的或不可能的。
You should he put the book where you found it.
你应该把书放在你发现它的地方。
3.原因状语从句
原因状语从句的常用引导词有 because, since, as;特殊引导词有seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that 。
例如：
Now that everybody has come, lets begin our conference.
既然每个人都到了，让我们开始我们的会议吧。
The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.
征收更高的个人所得税是有害的因为它或许会阻碍人们努力赚钱。
4.条件状语从句
条件状语从句的常用引导词有if, unless, whether( whether... or not);特殊引导词有 as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, supposing that, on condition that。
例如:
You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.
只要你不断努力,你一定会成功的。
Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.
如果没有人反对,我们就在这里开会
5.目的状语从句
目的状语从句的常用引导词有 so that, in order that;特殊引导词有lest,in case, for fear that, in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that。
例如:
The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.
老板要求秘书快点写函件以便他能在上面签字。
The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.
为了让后面的学生听得更清楚,老师有意地提高了他的声音。
6.让步状语从句
让步状语从句的常用引导词有 though, although, even if, even though;特殊引导词有as, no matter..., in spite of the fact that, whatever. whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever.
例如：
Much as I respect him, I can' t agree to his proposal.
尽管我很尊敬他,但是我却不同意他的建议。
No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.
无论他怎样努力,她都不会改变主意。
Even though there are myriad hardships and hazards ,they can’t stop the dauntless explores.
纵有千难万险,也挡不住英勇的探险队员。
7.比较状语从句
比较状语从句的常用引导词有as, than;特殊引导词有the e more st as A is to B what/as X is to Y;no...more than; not so much A as B。
例如:
She is as bad- tempered as her mother.
她和她妈妈一样脾气很坏。
Food is to men what oil is to machine.
食物之于人,犹如油之机器
8.方式状语从句
方式状语从句的常用引导词有as,as if,how。特殊引导词有the way 。
例如:
When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
入乡随俗
She behed as if she were the boss.
她表现得好像她是老板似的。
9.结果状语从句
结果状语从句的常用引导词有so...that, such...that;特殊引导词有 such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a hat。
例如:
He worried so that he couldn't sleep.
他急得睡不着。
It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it.
这是一个好机会,千万不能错过它。
Unit 2
一、购物（shopping）
店员：
What can I do for you?/ Can I help you?
您需要些什么?
Do you find anything like?
您有找到喜欢的吗?
How about this one?
这个怎么样您的尺码是多少？
It fits you well.
它很适合您。
顾客：
I want to buy...
我想要买... ...
Do you he any on sale?
你们有什么特卖品吗?
Can you show me...?
你能把……让我看一下吗?
I like this one . Can I try it on?
我喜欢这个,我可以试穿下吗?
How much is it ?
多少钱?
I'll take it.
我要了。
二、看病(seeing a doctor)
医生:
What' wrong with you?/What' s the matter?
你哪里不舒服?
How long he you been like this?
你这样多久了?
Let me look you over carefully.
让我仔细检查一下。
let' s take your blood pressure and temperature.
量一下血压和体温
He a good rest and take the medicine three times a day.
好好休息,药一天吃三次。
Are you feeling better now?
你现在感觉好点了吗?
病人：
I feel sick and I he a headache.
我感觉恶心,还有点头痛。
Is there anything wrong with me?
我身体有什么问题吗?
How soon can I be all right again?
我多久才会好?
三、打电话( calling)
打电话者：
Hello, this is XXX speaking, may I speak to XXX?
您好,我是XXX,我可以和XXX通话吗?
Can you connect me with Jack?
我能和杰克通话吗?
When will he come back?
他什么时候回来
Please ask him/ her to call me back.
请让他/她给我回电话
I' m calling you to ask if you are busy tonight.
我打电话来是想问一下你今晚有空吗?
接电话者:
Yes , this is XXX speaking
我是XXX,请讲。
Sorry,he/ she is not in. Can I take a message?
不好意思,他/她不在。您要留口信吗?
I’m sorry but he' s in Shanghai on business.
很抱歉,他去上海出差了
Is there anything I can do for you?
还有什么我可以帮忙的吗?
Thank you for calling.
谢谢你打电话来。
四、问路( asking the directions)
问路者:
Excuse me, would you please tell me the way to.?
打扰了你能告诉我怎么去
Can you tell me where…is?
你能告诉我……在哪里吗?
Sorry to bother/trouble you, but can you direct me to...?
打扰了,你能告诉我怎么去……吗？
Excuse me, how can I get to...?
打扰了,能告诉我怎么去……吗？
被问路者：
You can take a No. 24 bus here and then transfer to a No. 53 bus to get there.
您可以在此乘坐24路公交车,然后换乘53路公交车到那里。
Go along this street and turn left at the first crossing, then you an see the hospital.
沿着这条街往前走,在第一个十字路口向左拐,然后你就可以看到医院。
Sorry, I' m new here.
